بقلم د. علي محمد الصلابي(*)
خاطب الله تعالى داوود (عليه السلام) بأن جعله حاكماً بين الناس في الأرض، فله الحكم والسلطة، وعليهم السمع والطاعة، ثم بيّن الله تعالى له قواعد الحكم تعليماً لغيره من الناس:
أ- ﴿فاحْكم بَيْنَ النّاسِ بِالحَقِّ﴾؛ أي: فاقض بين الناس بالعدل، الذي قامت به السماوات والأرض. وهذه أولى وأهم قواعد الحكم.
ب- ﴿وَلَا تَتَّبِعِ الْهَوَىٰ﴾ أي: لا تقتد بهواك المخالف لأمر الله.
ويلاحظ في قوله تعالى لنبيه (عليه السلام): ﴿وَلَا تَتَّبِعِ الْهَوَىٰ﴾ ملاحظتان:
الملاحظة الأولى: أن النهي انصب على اتباع الهوى وليس على وجوده في النفس، وهذا يشعر بأن المطلوب من المسلم مخالفة هوى النفس، وليس المطلوب منه محو الهوى، وإزالته من النفس، فإنَّ هذا قد يكون من قبيل تكليف ما لا يطاق، وتكليف ما لا يطاق ممنوع وغير وارد في الشرع.
الملاحظة الثانية: أن النهي عن اتباع الهوى جاء مطلقاً عن تقييد الهوى بكونه مخالفاً للشرع، وهذا يعني أن الغالب في هوى النفس مخالفته للشرع، فيكون إطلاق الهوى والنهي عن اتباعه يعني النهي عن هوى النفس المخالف للشرع.
والدليل على الملاحظتين المذكورتين أن آيات الكتاب العزيز المتعلقة بالهوى أنها جاءت تنهى عن اتباعه وليس عن وجوده، كما أنها نهت عن الهوى مطلقاً دون تقييده بكونه مخالفاً للشرع، وذلك لغلبة مخالفته للشرع، وبالتالي ذمَّه وحرّم اتباعه، فإطلاقه يعني أن المراد به هو الهوى المخالف للشرع، وهو المطلوب عدم اتباعه. ومن هذه الآيات التي تنهى عن اتباع الهوى لا عن وجوده ودون تقييده بالمخالفة للشرع، وذم من يتبع هوى نفسه، أو هوى غيره، الآيات الآتية:
– ﴿فَلَا تَتَّبِعُوا الْهَوَى أَنْ تَعْدِلُوا﴾ [النساء: 135].
– ﴿وَأَمَّا مَنْ خَافَ مَقَامَ رَبِّهِ وَنَهَى النَّفْسَ عَنِ الْهَوَى (40) فَإِنَّ الْجَنَّةَ هِيَ الْمَأْوَى (41)﴾ [النازعات: 40 – 41].
إنما اتباع الهوى مزلقة ومدعاة إلى النار، قال الله تعالى: ﴿وَلَا تَتَّبِعِ الْهَوَى فَيُضِلَّكَ عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ﴾ [ص: 26].
والعبرة من هذا الموضوع: الوصية من الله عز وجل لولاة الأمور أن يحكموا بين الناس بالحق، ولا يحيدوا عنه، فيضلوا عن سبيل الله، وقد توعَّد الله مَن ضل عن سبيله وتناسى يوم الحساب بالوعيد الأكيد والحساب الشديد.
ولا شك أن إخبار الآيات بالخطاب الذي وجهه الحق إلى داوود (عليه السلام)، وأمره فيه أمراً لازماً صريحاً بأن المؤدي إلى الجور والظلم، لا شك أنه موجه في الحقيقة إلى جميع القضاة والحكام وكل راعٍ، وما أخبر الله به إلا ليعتبر أمثالهم فهم محتاجون إليه أكثر من نبي الله داوود الذي أكرمه الله بعصمة النبوة من الزلل والخطأ، ولا ضمانه للقضاة والحكام من الجور والظلم، إلا إنْ التزموا بأحكام دين الله وشريعته المستمدة من الكتاب المنزل على خاتم أنبيائه ورسله، مع الشعور برقابة الله عليهم، ومسؤوليتهم عن أعمالهم يوم الحساب والجزاء، فهذا الخبر ضمانة لإقامة العدل، وعدم الجور والظلم ؛ ولهذا قاله تعالى في تعقيبه الثاني على قصة ابتلاء داوود (عليه السلام) ليقرر هذه الحقيقة ويؤكدها.
(*) الأمين العام للاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين.
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